- 酢酸 (Acetic acid) – ビネガー（酢）の様な臭いと風味
- 乳酸 (Lactic acid) – ヨーグルトや腐った牛乳の様な臭いと風味
- 硫酸鉄 (ferrous sulphate) – 金属やインクや血の様な臭いと風味
- クロロフェノール (Chlorophenol) – 消毒剤やうがい薬の様な臭いと風味
- 硫化水素H2S (Hydrogen Sulfate) ゆで卵、腐った卵の様な臭いと風味
- メルカプタン(Mercaptan) – 下水や腐ったゴミの様な悪臭
ビールには綺麗なグラス
洗われたグラスが綺麗なのは当たり前だと皆さん思っているかもしれないが、実はそうではない場合が多いです。洗浄の基準としては『一般的な食器用として綺麗』と『ビール用に適した綺麗』は全く別の厳しい基準があることを皆さんに知ってほしいです。空の状態では見えない事が多いですが、実は『綺麗ではないグラス』にビールを注ぐとグラスの内側にビールの泡がへばりつきます。
画像にあるビールグラスは一見、綺麗に見えると思いませんか。
インスタグラムbeerman_dubbs許可を得て投稿
Used with permission. https://www.instagram.com/beerman_dubbs/
原因
- 飲み口に残された唇の油じみ、又はグラス内の染み
- 乾燥したビールの汚れ
- 洗い残し
- リップの跡
- 石油系の食器用洗剤の使用
上記のいずれかに該当したらグラスは『ビール用に適した綺麗』なグラスではなくなり、ビールの特徴を失わせ、状態は早く悪化し、ビールに悪影響を与えます。
ビールに対する悪影響
- 泡立ちが悪くなる
- 泡持ちが悪くなる
- 泡跡が少なくなり
- 炭酸が通常より早く抜ける
ビールにはプレゼンテーションが大事です。ビールの透明度、色と泡立ちが消費者に外観的なアピールをする為です。グラスの内側に泡がへばりつくとプレゼンテーションが崩れます。この様なグラスを使うと、透明度と色がはっきり分からなくなり、違和感を与えます。また、泡立ちと泡持ちはアロマにとって重要ですが、泡が早く消え、ビールの香りを発揮しにくくなり、ビールの風味に影響します。ビールの新鮮度を計るレーシング、あるいはエンゼルリングと言うリングの形をした泡跡が少なくなり、炭酸が通常より早く抜け、風味が変わって美味しくなくなります。醸造者はビールのレシピを開発する時、ビールに溶け込む炭酸の量も計算します。ですが炭酸が早く抜けると、ビール醸造者が作ろうとした本来のビールではなくなります。
改善方法－グラスをキレイに保つ為のアドバイス
- ビールグラスを洗う場所は出来るだけ清潔に保つ
- 食器とビールグラスそれぞれのスポンジを分ける
- 非石油系の食器用洗剤に変える
- ビールグラスはビール専用にする
- ビールグラスを使った後は出来るだけ早く洗う
食器用洗剤の一部は石油系(petroleum-based)の成分を元に作られています。この成分は食べ物に含まれる油と脂肪を良く落とすが、洗剤を洗い流しても食器に付着して薄いフィルムの様な膜を残す場合もあります。米国では流行りの洗剤ブランドのJoy（日本向け製品とは違う）, Ivory, Dawn, Dishmate, Ecoverは石油系です。また、洗剤に合成香料が添加されたものだとビールのアロマの邪魔をする事があります。
従って食器用洗剤は、天然の植物精油を使用した無香料の製品に変えるのをお勧めします。（まずは非石油系であることを優先しましょう。）日本で販売されている中ではフロッシュとハッピーエレファントという銘柄が手に入れやすいでしょう。これからはクラフトビールのお店に行っても家で飲んでも、グラスの内側に泡がへばりついていないか気にしてみましょう。
次回の投稿ではグラスが綺麗かどうかの確認方法をご紹介させて頂きます。
では乾杯！
ビールの代表的なオフフレーバー 1
- ジメチルスルフィド (DMS) – コーンやキャベツの様な臭いと風味
- ダイアセチル (Diacetyl) – バターの様な臭いと風味
- アセトアルデヒド(Acetaldehyde) – 青りんごの様な臭いと風味
- 酸化臭(Trans-2-Nonenal) – 段ボールの様な臭いと風味
- 日光臭(3MBT) – スカンクの様な獣臭
- イソバレリアン酸 (Isovaleric acid) – チーズの様な臭いと風味
Old Beer Comparison Tasting
Last summer I had a unique opportunity to get my hands on old craft beer. A restaurant close to a factory I frequent on business trips to mainland China not only stored their beers at room temperature, they also had very old beer that was likley ordered when they have opened up couple of years ago and they haven’t replenished their supply since. This sort of thing isn’t uncommon in China. Presented with this opportunity, I couldn’t resist the urge to bring a few old beers to Japan and do a side by side tasting with a fresh beer of the same kind. Ballast Point and Sierra Nevada are easy to find in Japan, so getting relatively fresh beers in a good condition wasn’t a problem. Finally, my father-in-law kept a case of Sapporo Ebisu cans in a room temperature for nearly a year. So, I have added the Sapporo beer to the comparison tasting. Here are my tasting notes and thoughts.
1. Sierra Nevada – Nooner Pilsner
- Tasting date: April 8th, 2018
- Newer beer packaged date: February 1st, 2018
- Older beer packaged date: October 27th, 2015
- 3 month old vs. 2 year 5 month old beer
The newer beer pours a very light gold and is slightly lighter than the 2015 “vintage”. Lemony, grassy damp and fresh aroma is present. The body is light to medium. Lemony and grassy hop flavor is highlighted by carbonated zing with a pilsner malt beady and cracker-like background. Slightly above average attenuation gets a nice and dry lingering lemony orange-like bitter finish. The older beer pours a copper gold with light cloudiness. Sweet malty cookie-like aroma, initial lightly sour volatile compounds and some Saazer hops on the nose. The sweetness in the flavor is similar to limoncello liqueur. There is big a presence of a Trans-2-Nonenal chemical compound which results in a cardboard-like flavor. Body is medium and lightly warming. Carbonation is lower than normal. Bitterness is low. A grassy, heavy with T2N cardboard astringency that reminds of you a bitter grapefruit rind is lingering in the finish. There is a hint of cherry and warming in the finish that isn’t present in the newer beer.
2. Ballast Point – Sculpin IPA
- Tasting date: May 8th, 2018
- Newer beer packaged date: November 6th, 2017
- Older beer packaged date: November 23rd, 2015
- 6 month old vs. 2 year 5 month old beer
The newer beer is clear and slightly darker in appearance when compared to the old beer which is hazy. The newer beer had a nice head retention while the older beer’s head dissipated right away. Aromas of the old beer are of a sweet cookie and toasted bread. There is a Sherry-like oxidation note and a very big amount of a dry cardboard (T2N) off-flavor. There’s also a soapy note. The new beer has a big aroma of citrus, tropical fruit and pine needles. It has a bold citrus flavor, a moderate to high bitterness and a medium body with a typical 2.5 volumes of carbonation. The finish is long and citrus-like. The two and a half year old beer’s hop flavors have significantly degraded. With no citrus like flavor, the cloying sweetness without much flavor character is dominating. The astringent bitterness lingers with high alcohol warming aftertaste and a little sherry-like oxidation note.
3. Sapporo – Premium Ebisu
- Tasting date: May 5th, 2018
- Newer beer packaged date: Early March, 2018
- Older beer packaged date: Early May, 2017
- 2 month old vs. 1 year old beer
The older beer has no head and a light haze probably due to suspended proteins which came out of solution. There is less carbonation and the color is slightly darker than the fresh brew. The big Dortmunder Export style floral perfume-like Saazer hop aroma and white bread like malt background nose is greatly diminished and are mostly replaced by a sweet sherry and paper-like oxidation aromas. The fresh brew has a medium bitterness of around 30 IBUs and a clean and persisting finish with a lingering bready malt background. The older brew’s malt sweetness is prominent. The cardboard-like T2N flavor is quite apparent. There is some alcoholic warmth in the finish and a lightly puckering tannin astringency.
While the older beers weren’t completely unpalatable, the hop aroma and flavor degradation, hazy appearance, low head retention, malty sweetness and papery T2N oxidation off-flavor were quite apparent. This reminds me of the following rule: “In a study conducted by one of the large breweries on flavor loss in bottled and canned products resulted in the 3-30-300 Rule. The same flavor loss results from beer being stored in your car’s trunk for three days at 90°F (32°C) as beer being stored at room temp (72°F or 22°C) for 30 days and beer being stored at 38°F (3°C) for 300 days.”¹
Most beers are meant to be consumed as quickly as possible after packaging and stored at 3°C. Sadly, this doesn’t happen all if not most of the time. It was interesting to do these comparative tastings and confirm what’s written in beer textbooks about oxidation. If you stumble upon old beer you’re more than welcome to do the same.
Notes:
- www.craftbeer.com, “Craft Beer Retailer Temperature Cheat Sheet”, presented by Brewers Association. Viewed on February 6th, 2019. https://www.craftbeer.com/attachments/0005/0196/beertemperature.pdf
Reinheitsgebot
For a long time, the breweries championed Reinheitsgebot as a way of keeping the quality standards high and in 20th century, they began to use it as a marketing point. Currently, the German consumer enforces it as a way to preserve tradition and authenticity¹. This Bavarian royal decree dating to 1516, focused mainly on taxes and beer selling price regulations². Quite possibly, the famous ingredient restriction to water, malted barley and hops had to do more with malted barley and hops being taxed ingredients than consumer health and beer quality³. Furthermore, Duke of Bavaria Wilhelm IV, who issued this edict, has intentionally omitted yeast. During that period, each brewery had a “heffner”, or, a yeast-guy, whose job was to re-use the yeast and it was a common understanding that the “Zeug”, or stuff in German, was “something that stayed in the beer”¹. The existence of yeast and its necessity to brewing was common knowledge. Amazingly, the law has survived the political turmoil of the last five centuries, including the world wars. The term Reinheitsgebot, translated as “purity law” from German, was coined only in 1918, during a heated Bavarian parliament discussion⁴. While the 1516 decree was limited only to Bavaria and its lagers, the modern version has separate categories for ales and lagers, which makes its possible to brew a wheat beer with coriander and salt. In other words, the list of allowed ingredients was expanded. German brewers that fail to adhere to it, may sell their beverages, but may not call them “beer”⁵. In case of non-compliance, the brewers are forced to dump entire batches by the state inspectors⁴.
Notes
- Alworth, Jeff. “Attempting to understand the Reinheitsgebot,” All About Beer Magazine 37, Issue 1, March 17, 2016 http://allaboutbeer.com/article/happy-birthday-reinheitsgebot/
- Alworth, Jeff. The Beer Bible: The Essential Beer Lover’s Guide (p. 31, 366). Workman Publishing Company. Kindle Edition.
- Mosher, Randy. Tasting Beer, 2nd Edition: An Insider’s Guide to the World’s Greatest Drink (location 4664. Storey Publishing, LLC. Kindle Edition.
- Klawitter, NIls. “The Twilight of Germany’s Reinheitsgebot”, Spiegel Online, April 21, 2016 http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/german-reinheitsgebot-beer-purity-law-turns-500-a-1086681-2.html
- Horst Dornbusch and Karl-Ullrich Heyse. The Oxford Companion to Beer, edited by Gareth Oliver (p. 360). 1st edition 2011, Oxford University Press.
AB-InBev
World’s largest brewing conglomerate¹ was formed in 2008 through a merger of Belgian Interbrew with US-based Anheuser-Busch. Interbrew itself was formed in 1999 by a merger of Brazilian based AmBev and Belgian based Interbrew. In 2016 AB-InBev acquired the competitor SABMiller and now owns over 500 beer brands in over 100 countries² with recorded revenue of 56.4 billion USD in 2017 fiscal year³. The global and international brands AB-InBev owns include Budweiser, Corona, Stella Artois, Beck’s, Hoegaarden and Leffe.
Quite a few craft beer fans and industry people blindly despise AB-InBev. Opinions should be backed up by facts. If you want to dig deeper, please read Josh Noel’s fascinating interview with Cloudburst Brewing’s founder Steve Luke, about his t-shirt stunt at the Great American Beer Festival’s awards ceremony earlier this year.
Here’s the interview link:
https://www.joshnoel.net/blog/2018/10/5/cloudburst-brewing-seattle-abi-tshirt
Notes:
- Alworth, Jeff. The Beer Bible: The Essential Beer Lover’s Guide (p. 250). Workman Publishing Company. Kindle Edition.
- Anheuser-Busch InBev, last edited on
8 November 2018, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anheuser-Busch_InBev - Anheuser-Bush Statistics and Facts, last edited on October 26th, 2018, https://expandedramblings.com/index.php/anheuser-busch-inbev-statistics-facts/
Colorless and Clear Equals Refreshing
This year’s summer, colorless beverages such as Coca-Cola Clear, Morning Premium Tea, Clear Latte and the Beer Taste All-Free All-Time alcohol-free beer have been trending in Japan. However, the limited run of Clear Craft, 5% ABV alcoholic beverage developed by Asahi Brewing Ltd, wasn’t a part of the trend. The limited batch of about 9000 pints of the Clear Craft was served on draft in four Asahi Brewing owned Asahi tap only establishments June 25th through the end of August. Luckily, one of the establishments is located in Osaka which is accessible to me.
In July, Yumi Sakai, the owner of Bîru Joshi (“Beer Girl”) blog, has interviewed Masako Nishiyama, the researcher directly responsible for the R&D behind Clear Craft at Asahi Brewing Ltd. Masako thought that beers are “a bit heavy”, “make you full quickly”, and its “difficult to drink many at a time”. She felt the desire to create the ultimately refreshingly delicious beer. According to the research team’s survey, words “colorless and clear” lead to associations of “sukkiri” to the Japanese consumer. “Sukkiri” translates as “refreshing” in the beverage context. That revelation marked the start of the project. It took Nishyama and the team more than 100 times to hammer down the recipe and it took eight long years for the idea to become a commercially sellable product if only for a limited testing run. Yumi describes the beverage as “lightly bitter, refreshing and (it) leaves an overall impression of sweetness which might confuse consumers who were prepared to drink a beer”. The consumers were asked to fill in a short questionnaire and had comments such as “quaffable because it’s clear”, “refreshing and good”, “too refreshing”, “I want it to taste more like a beer”. Masako heard their voices and is tweaking her recipe yet again to reduce the sweetness.¹
Here are my tasting notes: Pours a crystal clear slight tint of yellow with a quickly dissipating head leaving no lacing. Floral, Hallertau-like hop bouquet. Chemically induced clean bitterness comes in front, supported by carbonation and cold serving temperature. There is none to low malt flavor to follow or support the bitterness. Body is medium and carbonation is typical. In my opinion, there were no traditional ingredients used. If there is sweetness, it comes from Sweet’n Low sweetener-like flavor and its well hidden by the artificial bitterness which lingers with an unnecessarily warm finish. There’s much more tweaking for Masako to do to make this beverage palatable.
Note
- Yumi Sakai, “A developer explains the reasons behind the making of a transparent craft beer”. Last modified July 5th, 2018, https://beergirl.net/asahi-clearbeer_n/
A Perfect World
Let there be a world of knowledgeable consumers and bar proprietors in which we understand beer in its splendid and almighty versatility. A place where the consumer will know how to pair beer with food similar to the general knowledge of red wine with beef and a white with a fish. Renown beer writer Michael Jackson in his essential Beer Companion points to discerning wine folk who underestimate beer: “No one goes into a restaurant and requests ‘a plate of food, please’. People do not ask simply for ‘a glass of wine’, without specifying, at the very least, whether they fancy a red or white, dry or sweet, perhaps sparking or still”¹. And then, the same wine geeks order ‘a beer’. Michael is trying to rectify this ignorance in his most known work – introducing and showing that beer can be as elegant as wine or spirits. It can be as complex or as simple simple as you want it to be: a cold and quaffable lager on a hot summer’s day; a table beer to go with your everyday dinner; a celebratory sparkling ale in a flute glass; a nutty brown ale to match your barbecued meat; or a nightcap of a thick imperial stout to warm you up on a cold winter’s night.
Unfortunately, ignorance isn’t reserved only for the consumer side – many bar owners should broaden their knowledge. In a perfect world, all establishments that serve beer would correctly maintain the draft systems; all bartenders would care for a proper pour to a beer clean glass and a whiff of an off-flavor either from a draft or packaged beer will raise bartender’s eyebrow. Faulty equipment or simple draft system troubleshooting could be done without calling for help and restaurant menus will include many beer and food pairings which will make the customers return. Finally, for the consumer, a myriad of hop, malt, and other ingredient aromas and flavors would become more than just “hoppy” or “malty” and the terminology reserved for tasters and brewers would become common language. A regular customer would walk in and say without looking at the menu that he or she wants a chicken salad and a witbier, a cheeseburger with a pale ale or a chocolate mousse with that imperial stout. We at Beerjuku.com are adamant that this perfect word is not too far-fetched and we are here to educate – one little sip at a time.
Note
- Michael Jackson, Michael Jackson’s Beer Companion – Stouts, Lagers, Wheat Beers, Fruit Beers, Ales, Porters – Second Revised (Elan Press, 1997), 6-7
Hops and Marijuana
Hops (Humulus Lupulus) and Marijuana (Cannabis) plants are taxonomically related and come from Cannabinaceae family. Both share similar aroma compounds (brewing term: hop essential oils) myrcene, beta-pinene, and alpha-humulene. Those are the same aroma compounds that produce Marijuana’s typical smell. Additionally, TCH – Marijuana’s active component, and humulone – a component that makes beer bitter (brewing term: hop alpha acids) are made from the same organic building block compound – terpenoid.
Notes
- Martha Harbinson, “BeerSci: What’s The Connection Between Hops And Marijuana?”, last modified November 16, 2012, https://www.popsci.com/science/article/2012-11/beersci-marijuana-related-hops
- Graham Eyres, Jean-Pierre Dufour “Beer in Health and Disease Prevention” 2009, 29 January 2010, Abstract, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-373891-2.00022-5